PSYCHOLOGY Concepts and Theories

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Bias: consistency and change

January 26, 2022

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SCOPES Model of Human Functioning

SCOPES is a holistic biopsychosocial model of human flourishing that organizes data from six domains of functioning commonly discussed in psychological research and clinical practice. The SCOPES model helps researchers and clinicians organize tests or questionnaires that measure different dimensions within one or more of the six domains. In addition, when clinicians organize patient information using the SCOPES model, or a similar holistic model, they may be able to help patients select treatment strategies that address multiple areas related to the primary concern or diagnosis. In this post, I provide an overview of the SCOPES model followed by a description of each domain. For example, clinicians know that depression may affect many areas of functioning. The SCOPES model is one way to consider the impact of depression on multiple areas of functioning such as distressing thoughts (C), feelings (E), behavior patterns (O: e.g., avoidance of engaging activities), p...

Self-Concept and Self-Identity

Who Am I? SELF-CONCEPT The concept, self-concept, has been used by psychologists to refer to a mental construct known as the self. The self or self-concept is our view of who we are, which is based upon the content of our memories about ourselves. The self-concept is not a total perspective on ourselves but rather a view that depends on information in our awareness. Some of the information about ourselves consists of private knowledge and other views are based on feedback from others in numerous social contexts throughout the time of our life. Thus, self-concept is both a personal mental construct and a social construct. Self-concept is both a personal and a social construct. Self-concept begins to develop before children have speech as evident from studies of children responding to themselves in mirrors. They retain an image of themselves. Our self-image is part of our self-concept. As in the SCOPES model where the first S represents the self, th...

Self-Efficacy Theory

Self-efficacy is the perception that a person can act in a way to achieve a desired goal. In 1977, Albert Bandura of Stanford University wrote an extensive article on the theory of self-efficacy. He proposed that our perceptions of self-efficacy come from four sources: “performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states (191).” A substantial body of research has been done on the concept of self-efficacy. Recent formulations of self-efficacy focus attention on specific dimensions of self-efficacy. Thus we find researchers studying the relationship of self-efficacy to different outcomes like coping with stress, teaching, academic achievement, and so forth. Some researchers have studied self-efficacy on a broad basis but this can lead to the assessment of competencies in many areas of functioning as seen in the 104-item Self-Efficacy Survey (Panc et al., 2012). Assessing and helping people develop self-efficacy are useful skill...

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