Einstellung effect in psychology

 

Mindset x Geoffrey Sutton & DALL.E 2023

The Einstellung effect is a cognitive psychology phenomenon in which a person's pre-existing mental model or mindset can hinder their ability to find a better or more efficient solution to a problem. This can occur even when a simpler or more effective solution is readily available. The term Einstellung comes from the German word meaning "attitude" or "approach."

The effect was first described in the 1940s by psychologists Abraham Luchins and Edith Luchins, who conducted a series of experiments in which participants were asked to solve a series of water jar problems. The problems all had a simple solution, but participants were taught a complex formula to solve the first few problems. When presented with later problems that could be solved more easily with a simpler approach, participants continued to use the complex formula, even though it was unnecessary and less efficient.

One explanation for the Einstellung effect is that it occurs due to a process called mental set, which is the tendency to rely on familiar strategies and problem-solving methods even when they are not the most appropriate or efficient. The mental set can be particularly strong when people are under time pressure or when they feel a sense of urgency to solve a problem quickly.

Although the Einstellung effect has been widely studied in the field of psychology, there has been some criticism of the concept. Some researchers argue that the effect may be less pronounced than originally thought, or that it may be influenced by individual differences in cognitive styles and problem-solving approaches. Others argue that the concept is too broad and may not be applicable to all types of problem-solving situations.

The Einstellung effect suggests ways in which cognitive biases and preconceptions can interfere with problem-solving processes. By being aware of this effect, individuals can be more mindful of their problem-solving approaches and more open to new and potentially more effective solutions.

References

Luchins, A. S., & Luchins, E. H. (1942). Mechanization in problem solving: The effect of Einstellung. Psychological Monographs, 54(6), i-95.

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.