Wellbeing is a multidimensional construct that may be summarized by a general sense of the degree to which people perceive they are satisfied with life and they are functioning well in most or all facets of their life.
As noted in this definition, wellbeing is a matter of degree, which can fluctuate. Psychologists and other scientists who study wellbeing offer a variety of definitions.
Several dimensions of wellbeing may be the focus of attention. Referring to a wholistic model of functioning that includes common psychological concepts like the SCOPES model, we may consider examples from the following dimensions where the six letters in SCOPES represent six areas of functioning commonly assessed in clinical psychology.
A WHOLISTIC MODEL of WELL-BEING
S SELF / SPIRITUALITY
I am doing well.
I am satisfied with my life.
I can usually accomplish my goals.
I feel a sense of peace.
My life is meaningful.
C COGNITION
I can think clearly.
My memory works well.
O OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR / PERSONALITY
I adapt well to most situations.
I am generally agreeable.
P PHYSIOLOGY / HEALTH
I am in general good health.
My health does not interfere with my ability to enjoy life.
E EMOTIONS / FEELINGS
I feel good most of the time.
I feel happy most of the time.
I have a general positive outlook on life.
S SOCIAL CONTEXT
I get along well with most other people.
I feel good about the way things are going in school or work.
I have supportive relationships.
I have sufficient financial resources.
Assessment of Wellbeing
Measures of wellbeing have been used to assess the outcomes of psychotherapy. Click the links to learn more about each measure.
The Schwartz Outcome Scale is a general measure.
The Theistic Spiritual Outcome Scale includes spirituality for those associated with a theistic religion such as Christianity, Judaism, or Islam.
Researchers use both subjective and objective measures of wellbeing. Subjective measures rely on self-reported responses to surveys assessing several areas of wellbeing such as those in the SCOPES model.
Self
There are many measures of self-esteem and related factors like self-efficacy. A few examples:
Cognition
Measures of intelligence, ability, and memory are usually administered by psychologists and offer a look at patterns of strength and weaknesses.
Personality or observable behavior patterns
Measures of personality factors include the Big Five and HEXACO.
Emotions
One measure of positive and negative emotions is PANAS. Clinicians may use other measures to assess problems of mood.
Spirituality
The SWB measures Spiritual Well-Being.
Social / relationships
Several measures assess the quality of relationships. Examples:
Parent-child relationship scale
Objective measures may examine factors in a society likely to contribute to wellbeing like the rate of employment, wages, access to healthcare, greenspace and recreational areas, time off of school or work, and so forth.
Selective Wellbeing Research
In the United States, the CDC tracks wellbeing, which is related to the nation's health. Some recent findings are summarized at cdc.gov. Check their wellbeing page for updates. Note that different researchers may use different measures of wellbeing.
Personality: Traits of optimism, extroversion, and high self-esteem are linked to overall wellbeing.
Age: Younger and older adults have higher wellbeing than do middle-aged adults.
Relationships: Supportive relationships strongly predict level of wellbeing.
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