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Propaganda is a form of communication that strongly favors a particular group and attempts to influence the thinking, feelings, and actions (that is, the core functioning components of cognition, emotion/ affect, and behavior) of group members to actively support a group or a cause.
Propaganda is an effective method of shaping public opinion. The presentation of selective information can influence people's views of reality, the way they feel, and what they do. Propaganda may be used for positive and negative purposes.
Examples of groups that use propaganda include:
Political parties
Governments, especially war departments
Advertisers
Religious groups
Propaganda is not the same as spin or persuasion.
Spin is a form of propaganda used to manage information (including facts) in a favorable way.
Persuasion is a form of communication that attempts to influence others by presenting logical arguments, evidence, and appeals to reason. Unlike propaganda, persuasion seeks to engage the audience in a rational and informed decision-making process. Persuasion relies on presenting facts, expert opinions, and logical reasoning to convince individuals to adopt a particular viewpoint or take a specific course of action.Research sample
In an article published a few years before the horrific World War II and the powerful propaganda efforts of nations at war, Biddle (1931) identified four principles (quoted from his abstract).
Propaganda relies less upon techniques which help the individual to come into intelligent control of his conduct, and more on techniques which induce the individual to follow non-rational emotional drives. The four principles followed in propaganda are: (1) rely on emotions, never argue; (2) cast propaganda into the pattern of "we" versus an "enemy"; (3) reach groups as well as individuals; (4) hide the propagandist as much as possible.
In a 2016 study, Carriere and Blackman conducted a study of recruitment videos. One was action-oriented and the other was community oriented. They were produced by the US or ISIS. The participants rated the community oriented response highest.
References
Carriere, K. R., & Blackman, M. (2016).
Perceptions of recruitment videos from armed forces. Peace and Conflict: Journal
of Peace Psychology, 22(4), 401–403.
Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is www.suttong.com
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