Shame is a pervasive self-evaluative emotional state. People
display shame in a slumped body posture with their heads down, avoiding
eye-contact. They may express the wish to die or disappear.
Psychologists contrast shame with guilt. In contrast to the shamed
self, guilt usually refers to a negative evaluation of a behavioral act. If people
agree that they are guilty then, they may apologize for a specific act. In some
cases, the person receives forgiveness.
Shame involves an intense sense of self-awareness in a
cultural setting of honor. An example of shame is often seen in victims of rape.
Rape is an act that violates the self in an intensely intimate way. The rape-shame
experience can be particularly intense in cultures where young women are expected
to be virgins until they marry. In cultures of honor, shame regarding sex
outside of marriage can extend to the family.
Parents can feel shame as a worsened degree of embarrassment
when their children behave contrary to the rules of a culture. Likewise, children
may feel shame when their parents behave in publicly unacceptable ways.
People experience shame when they believe they are in violation of a highly valued cultural expectation. Some cultures place a high value on attractive clothes and bodies. Some cultures place a high value on certain behaviors, activities, or pursuits that are honored as ideals for men or women. For example, military service and participation in sports are highly valued in many cultures.
Intense emotions can accompany shame including anxiety,
depression, and anger. People who struggle with shame and related concerns may
need psychotherapy or medical interventions to restore their ability to function
adequately. Referrals can usually be obtained from physicians, clergy, and
other healthcare providers.
Learn more about shame in the works of psychologist June Price Tangney (see references).
Cite this article
Sutton, G. W. (2019, January 18). Psychology of shame. Psychology Concepts and Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2019/01/psychology-of-shame.html
References to
research on shame
Tangney, J.P. (2011)
An interview related to a book about shame.
Tangney, J. P.
(1990). Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt:
Development of the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 59, 102-111.
Tangney, J. P.,
Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt, and
embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256-1269.
Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is www.suttong.com
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