AIS is classified into three forms: complete (CAIS), partial (PAIS), and mild (MAIS), depending on the degree of androgen resistance. Individuals with CAIS typically present with female external genitalia despite having XY chromosomes, while PAIS and MAIS result in varying degrees of masculinization. Psychological research has explored the impact of AIS on gender identity, self-esteem, and mental health.
Psychological Outcomes
Hines et al. (2003) investigated psychological well-being in individuals with CAIS and found no significant differences in self-esteem, gender identity, or psychological general well-being compared to cisgender women. However, some individuals experience distress related to medical interventions and social stigma. Chikkanayakanahally & Venkatesh (2015) reported cases of psychiatric morbidity, including depression and anxiety, in individuals struggling with gender ambiguity.
Most individuals with CAIS identify as female and exhibit gender-typical behaviors (Hines et al., 2003). However, disclosure of AIS status can be challenging, particularly in adolescence and adulthood.
Psychological support and counseling are crucial in helping individuals navigate identity concerns and medical decisions.
References
Hines, M., Ahmed, S. F., & Hughes, I. A. (2003). Psychological outcomes and gender-related development in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(2), 93–101. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022492106974
Chikkanayakanahally, S., & Venkatesh, N. (2015). Psychological aspects of androgen insensitivity syndrome: A case report. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 5(3). https://www.longdom.org/open-access/psychological-aspects-of-androgen-insensitivity-syndrome-a-case-report-11511.
Post Author
Geoffrey W. Sutton, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Evangel University, holds a master’s degree in counseling and a PhD in psychology from the University of Missouri-Columbia. His postdoctoral work encompassed education and supervision in forensic and neuropsychology. As a licensed psychologist, he conducted clinical and neuropsychological evaluations and provided psychotherapy for patients in various settings, including schools, hospitals, and private offices. During his tenure as a professor, Dr. Sutton taught courses on psychotherapy, assessment, and research. He has authored over one hundred publications, including books, book chapters, and articles in peer-reviewed psychology journals. His website is https://suttong.com
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