Dual-Process Theory of Cognition

 

Thinking Woman 2024
by Geoffrey W. Sutton & Bing AI

The dual-process theory of cognition posits that human minds process information about the world in two ways, which are called system 1 and system 2. 

System 1 quickly processes information, which is influenced by cognitive biases and heuristics. System one thinking has been described as automatic, intuitive, and associative. System 2 is a slower system that requires cognitive effort. System 2 has been described as rational and analytical.

For an excellent review of research on system 1 and system 2 thinking, see Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman.

 

Cite this post

Sutton, G. W. (2024, January 8). dual-process theory of cognition. Psychology Concepts and Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2024/01/dual-process-theory-of-cognition.html

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation. 

Regression to the Mean

 

Regression to the mean is a statistical concept based on evidence that a sample of data representing extreme values from the population mean will likely be close to the mean the next time a sample is taken.

In psychological testing, people who obtain extreme scores on a test tend to obtain scores closer to the mean on a second testing. That is, high scorers tend to earn lower scores and low scorers tend to earn higher scores.

The term, Regression to the Mean is sometimes referred to as RTM. The concept appears in a paper by British scientist Sir Francis Galton (1886).

Cite this post

Sutton, G. W. (2024, January 5). Regression to the mean. Psychology Concepts and Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2024/01/regression-to-mean.html

References

Galton, F. (1886). Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 15, 246-263.

Sutton, G. W. (2024, January 5). Regression to the mean. Psychology Concepts and Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2024/01/regression-to-mean.html

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation. 

Micro Praise in psychology

 

A Note of Praise 2024
Geoffrey W Sutton & Bing AI

Micro praise is a term for small units of praise. The power of positive praise appears as a two-way benefit. The receiver appreciates the compliment and the giver feels uplifted too.

A finding from Gallup makes an important point.

Considering the power of team-level recognition, it's alarming that no more than a third of western European and U.S. employees, according to recent Gallup research, strongly agree that their organization recognizes team achievements (33% in the U.K., 33% in Germany, 25% in the U.S., 24% in Spain and 19% in France).

Erica Boothby and Vanessa Bohns (2021) found that people underestimate the value of complimenting others.

Kakinuma and others (2020) observed that praise has a positive impact on effort but praise focused on ability has a negative impact. In their own studies, they found that those who offered ability-focused praise negatively impacted those who gave praise. When combined with previous studies, it appears that praising a person's ability doesn't work well for either the giver or the receiver.

Psychologist David Myers  summarized recent research on micro praise and gave a personal example. He benefitted from a note from billionaire Rich DeVos. Myers responded to the compliment by inviting DeVos to coffee. DeVos invested in his efforts to promote the use of hearing loops to help the hearing impaired. His post inspired this post.

In summary, micro praise has the potential to strengthen effort and encourage the giver as well. Thus, in some cases, micro praise functions as a positive reinforcer. Of course, if the praised effort declines, then the characteristics of the praise and situational factors should be examined.

Potential applications of two-way praiseworthy moments and a path to an uplifting culture.

Student <> teacher at all levels of education

employee <> supervisor

spouse <> spouse

parent <> child

friend <> friend

person <> person

Cite this post

Sutton, G. W. (2024, January 4). Micro praise. Psychology Concepts and Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2024/01/micro-praise.html

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.