Intelligence, Types of Intelligence


Intelligence is a broad concept sometimes called General Mental Ability and refers to the ability to learn or general learning ability.

Intelligence is the general concept and it is not equivalent to IQ. IQ is an initialism for Intelligence Quotient, which is a score on a test of intelligence.

In the United States, most IQ scores have a mean of 100.

Neuropsychologists assess intelligence using a variety of measures that evaluate cognitive functions, including reasoning, problem-solving, memory, processing speed, and verbal comprehension. Intelligence is commonly measured through standardized tests such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, which provide an intelligence quotient (IQ) based on cognitive performance across multiple domains (Wechsler, 2008).

Neuropsychological assessments of intelligence often include tests of executive functioning, working memory, and attentional control, as these cognitive components are critical for adaptive functioning (Lezak et al., 2012). Processing speed, a key aspect of intelligence, is also assessed to determine how efficiently individuals can analyze and respond to information. Additionally, fluid intelligence, which refers to the ability to solve novel problems without relying on prior knowledge, is measured through tasks that require pattern recognition and logical reasoning (Cattell, 1963).


Multiple Intelligences MI

Research suggests that intelligence is multifaceted, incorporating both general cognitive ability (g) and specific cognitive domains, such as verbal and spatial reasoning (Carroll, 1993). Neuropsychologists use intelligence assessments to diagnose cognitive impairments, guide treatment plans, and understand the neural mechanisms underlying intellectual function.


Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligences. He proposed eight types, which are listed below:

visual-spatial

linguistic-verbal

interpersonal

intrapersonal

logical-mathematical

musical

bodily-kinesthetic

naturalistic

He also suggested a ninth type, "existential intelligence."

Gardner's ideas have been criticized because the abilities are not really different intelligences but rather different abilities that contribute to a person's general intelligence.

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Emotional Intelligence known as EI refers to the ability to recognize, manage, and evaluate emotions. EI may be measured on tests, which yield an EQ or Emotional intelligence Quotient. Emotional intelligence involves the Self and Emotional dimensions in the SCOPES model of human functioning.

Read more about Emotional Intelligence here.


Social Intelligence known as SI refers to the ability to interact wisely and skilfully with other people especially in complex social settings. SI may be measured on tests, which yield an SQ or Social intelligence Quotient. Social intelligence involves the Self, Cognitive, and Social dimensions in the SCOPES model of human functioning.


References

Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54(1), 1-22. 

Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge University Press. 

Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Sutton, G. W. (2022, October 5). Intelligence, Types of Intelligence. Sutton Psychology. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2022/10/intelligence-and-iq.html

Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Pearson Assessment.

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