Hypersonic effect in psychology

 The hypersonic effect is an idea that human react psychologically and physiologically to frequencies above the level of normal hearing.

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Oohashi, T., Nishina, E., Honda, M., Yonekura, Y., Fuwamoto, Y., Kawai, N., Maekawa, T., Nakamura, S., Fukuyama, H., & Shibasaki, H. (2000). Inaudible high-frequency sounds affect brain activity: hypersonic effect. Journal of neurophysiology, 83(6), 3548–3558. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3548

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

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Kappa effect in psychology

 The kappa effect refers to a finding that people misperceive the duration of a stimulus when two different stimuli of different sizes are presented for the same duration.

A large visual stimulus appears to be present for a longer period of time compared to a smaller stimulus even though both are presented for the same duration.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

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Irrelevant speech effect in psychology

 The irrelevant speech effect refers to reduced recall of information when irrelevant speech or sounds are present.

Read more

Elliott E. M. (2002). The irrelevant-speech effect and children: theoretical implications of developmental change. Memory & cognition, 30(3), 478–487. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03194948

Hanley, J.R., Bakopoulou, E. Irrelevant speech, articulatory suppression, and phonological similarity: A test of the phonological loop model and the feature model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 10, 435–444 (2003). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196503

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Hot-cold empathy gap effect in psychology

The hot-cold empathy gap effect is a finding that hot or cold empathy states influence decision-making thus, the hot-cold empathy gap is a cognitive bias.

Hot and cold refer to emotional states. Emotional states influence the ability of people to understand themselves or others in a different emotional state.

A hot emotional state includes states of anger, excitement, fear, and stress.

A cold emotional state is neutral or calm. In a neutral state, there is little or no desire or arousal.

A person's current emotional state interferes with their ability to understand their own past behavior, which occurred in a different state. And the current emotional state interferes with the ability to estimate attitudes, preferences, and behavior in a hypothetical future state.

A person's current emotional state interferes with the ability to understand someone else who is in a different emotional state. This can interfere with effective relationships such as doctor-patient care and empathy for a patient's pain.

The empathy gap is represented by the relative lack of understanding the important effects of emotions on cognition and behavior.

Learn more in Boven, Loewenstein, Dunning, and Nordgren

In the SCOPES model, hot and cold states clearly focus on Emotion (E). A hot Emotional (E) state like fear links to C (Cognition), fearful behavior (O), Physiological (P) activity (e.g., cortisol, adrenaline, increased heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, etc.), and social interactions (S) such as avoidance of people or places.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

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You can read many published articles at no charge:

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Google effect

The Google effect (also referred to as digital amnesia) is a tendency to forget information that can be quickly found online using a search engine such as Google.

Reference

Sparrow, B., Liu, J., & Wegner, D.M. (2011). Google effects on memory: Cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips. Science, 333, 776-778. DOI:10.1126/science.1207745

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Generation effect in psychology

Creating enhances remembering (2023)
Geoffrey W. Sutton & Bing AI

 In memory research, the generation effect refers to a reliable finding that people remember information better when they create the information rather than try to remember something they read or heard.

For a review of the generation effect, see McCurdy et al. (2020).

Reference

McCurdy, M.P., Viechtbauer, W., Sklenar, A.M. et al. Theories of the generation effect and the impact of generation constraint: A meta-analytic review. Psychon Bull Rev 27, 1139–1165 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01762-3

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Levels-of-processing effect in psychology

 

Complex connections 2023
Geoffrey W. Sutton & Bing AI

The Levels-of-Processing Effect (LOP) refers to the finding that more elaborate processing of information produces better recall compared to minimal or shallow processing.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

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You can read many published articles at no charge:

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Conscience in Psychology

 Conscience is a component of the self that appears to organize moral guidance, which can influence moral thinking, emotions, and behavior. Conscience appears to be a factor in self-regulation.

An excessively demanding conscience can lead to scrupulosity and a conscience with low demands can be associated with antisocial behavior.

In 2023, Schutt and Exline examined components of conscience and suggested a model.

In the SCOPES model, conscience is a construct within the self primarily linked to the dimensions of Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior. Conscience both influences social functioning and is influenced by social interactions.

Reference

Schutt, W. A., & Exline, J. J. (2023, May 18). Do Adults Believe That God or the Devil Can Influence Their Conscience? Links Between Religion/Spirituality, Beliefs About the Conscience, and Attempts to Follow One’s Conscience. Spirituality in Clinical Practice. Advance online publication. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/scp0000320

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

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You can read many published articles at no charge:

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Dementia

Dementia is a neurocognitive disorder characterized by impaired cognitive processes of attention, memory, thinking, and decision making.

Dementia is caused by various diseases. One common disease is Alzheimer's disease. Other types of dementia include:

Vascular dementia

Lewy body dementia,

Fronto-temporal dementia

Mixed dementia

Dementia is most commonly observed in older adults but it is not a part of normal aging.

Assessment of Dementia

Clinical neuropsychologists evaluate a patient's cognitive abilities for impairments. In addition, clinical neuropsychologists assess adaptive functioning. That is, how well the person manages vocational, social, and other dimensions of life. Dementia affects people in different ways. Although memory and thinking processes are hallmarks of the dementias, changes in personality patterns and emotional functioning combine to interfere with personal and social functioning.

Physicians may perform medical tests and prescribe medication. Often, there are other medical conditions to consider as a part of the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options.

The data not only identify a patient's current status but the data also provides a baseline to measure future changes in cognitive and adaptive abilities. Although, in cases of an identifiable disease process, the future is usually a decline in functioning, some causes of dementia may be reversible. In addition, new medications may reduce the rate of decline.

Resources

CDC Centers of Disease Control and Prevention

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

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You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Placebo effect in psychology

 

Placebo Effect 2023 by
Geoffrey W. Sutton & Bing AI

The placebo effect is an improvement in one’s condition falsely attributed to a treatment that has no known positive effect on the condition. Beneficial effects attributed to placebos are likely due to expectations.

 Example: Placebo effect

In a clinical trial of a medication to treat pain. Group A receives a pain medication and group B receives a similarly looking pill that has no pain-relieving properties. Any beneficial relief reported by group B would be considered a placebo effect.

Research example

 In 2023, an Australian team studied the use of pain medication (opioids) versus a sugar tablet placebo. The "researchers found there was no difference in pain severity after six weeks between those who received opioids versus a placebo sugar pill."

 "It was quite a surprise to us," says Andrew McLachlan, dean of pharmacy at the Sydney Pharmacy School and an author on the study, which was published Wednesday in The Lancet. "We thought there would be some pain relief, but overall there was no difference."

(See Stone, 2023, June 28)

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

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You can read many published articles at no charge:

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Go No-Go Association (GNAT) tasks in psychology

 

Go/ No-Go Association Tasks (GNAT) measure a person's ability to stop an expected response (response inhibition) to a stimulus.

 In an experimental situation, a researcher informs a participant to respond to a stimulus with a response (go) and to respond to another stimulus with no action (no-go). The researcher counts the number of times the participant responds to a no-go stimulus. These no-go responses are errors and the ratio of errors to presentations is the error rate. A low error rate represents strong response inhibition.

An early mention of the test appears in Donders (1868).

Example

A participant sits in front of a screen which will show a colored square (the stimulus).  There is a button on the table in front of the participant. The researcher tells the participant to press the button when they see an orange square but not when they see a blue square. There are more "Go" presentations than there are "No Go" presentations thus, the habitual response is to press the button and cognitive effort is required to inhibit the button pressing response when a "No Go" stimulus appears.

Researchers vary the stimuli depending on what they want to test.

A common response type is a key on a keyboard.

Reference

Donders, F. C. (1868). Over de snelheid van psychische processen [On the speed of mental processes], Tweede reeks, 11, 92±130. Translated by WG Koster (1969). Attention and performance, 2.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

joint action in psychology

Tennis doubles 2023
Geoffrey Sutton & Bing AI

Joint action in psychology is a term for the ability of people to coordinate their actions with the actions of others in the same space-time context to produce a desired effect.

Example

In sports where partners work together like tennis and pickleball, each partner contributes a complementary action to the joint project of winning the match.

Researchers have used the Simon Effect task to study joint action by having one partner be responsible for correctly pressing one of the two buttons and the other partner responsible for the other button. In such cases, a Joint Simon Effect is evident.

Dolk et al. (2014) reviewed several studies and noted the important role of social factors influencing the joint social effect.

Reference

Dolk, T., Hommel, B., Colzato, L. S., Schütz-Bosbach, S., Prinz, W., & Liepelt, R. (2014). The joint Simon effect: a review and theoretical integration. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 974. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00974

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.