Precedence effect in psychology

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Geoffrey W Sutton & Bing AI

 The precedence effect is a psychophysical phenomenon identified by Wallach and others in 1949. The effect is the perception of hearing one sound when two sounds were presented one after the other with a short delay. In such cases, the first sound is the lead sound, which determines the localization (localization dominance). The location of the second sound is suppressed (discrimination suppression).

For a  review, see Brown et al. (2015).

Reference

Brown, A. D., Stecker, G. C., & Tollin, D. J. (2015). The precedence effect in sound localization. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO, 16(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-014-0496-2

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Primacy effect in psychology

The primacy effect is a serial position effect evidenced by better memory for items presented first in a list of items compared to the recall of items in the middle.

The better recall of the first few items is attributed to the ability to rehearse those items more than other items.

For a summary of results with different lengths of word lists and mild cognitive impairment, see Howieson et al. (2010).

Reference

Howieson, D. B., Mattek, N., Seeyle, A. M., Dodge, H. H., Wasserman, D., Zitzelberger, T., & Jeffrey, K. (2011). Serial position effects in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 33(3), 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.516742

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Rashomon effect in psychology

Eyewitnesses 2023

The Rashomon effect is a term for the observation that eyewitnesses provide different accounts of the same event.

The effect is named after the crime drama Rashomon (Akira Kurosawa, 1950) in which four witnesses describe a murder in different ways.

Levin et al. (2021) consider a remedy for the Rashomon effect. Perhaps an application of their findings beyond their focus would be as follows:

Recognize that there are many different ways to see the world,

Accept that people have different ways of knowing things,

Make sure everyone is included in a decision process

Reference

Phillip S Levin, Steven A Gray, Christian Möllmann, Adrian C Stier, Perception and Conflict in Conservation: The Rashomon Effect, BioScience, Volume 71, Issue 1, January 2021, Pages 64–72, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa117

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Recency effect in psychology

 The recency effect is a serial position effect evident by a person's better recall of more recent information than recall of earlier information.

The effect is based on the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus who studied the capacity to remember lists. Items at the end of the list (the most recent items) were recalled better than those in the middle. Those items at the beginning were also recalled better than those in the middle (primacy effect).

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Hypersonic effect in psychology

 The hypersonic effect is an idea that human react psychologically and physiologically to frequencies above the level of normal hearing.

Read more

Oohashi, T., Nishina, E., Honda, M., Yonekura, Y., Fuwamoto, Y., Kawai, N., Maekawa, T., Nakamura, S., Fukuyama, H., & Shibasaki, H. (2000). Inaudible high-frequency sounds affect brain activity: hypersonic effect. Journal of neurophysiology, 83(6), 3548–3558. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3548

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Hostile media effect in psychology

 

The hostile media effect refers to a strong cognitive bias of perceiving media coverage of a story as favoring an opposing view and presenting a negative view of the perceiver's view.

Other names for the phenomenon include hostile media phenomenon and hostile media perception.

Read more in the article by Vallone et al. (1985)



Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Religious Residue Effect in Psychology

 

Religious Residue Effect 2023
Geoffrey W Sutton with Bing Images

The religious residue effect describes the finding that features of people's previous religiosity continue to be a part of a their life after they no longer identify as religious. 

These residual effects may be evident in beliefs and attitudes, bonding practices (e.g., baptisms, ceremonies), moral behavior, and interactions with religious people maintaining a sense of belonging. See Van Tongeren et al. (2021).

Van Tongeren and DeWall draw upon the work of Saroglou (e.g., Saroglou et al., 2020), who present the Big Four of religion, which refer to four components of religion. When people leave religion (deidentification), they continue to reveal their former religious identity.

The Big Four are:

Believing- what people believe about God or gods and the supernatural

Bonding- faith practices that bring people together and create emotional bonds

Behaving- the way people ought to behave-- the moral influence of religion

Belonging- the social dimension of faith that connects people to their community

References

Saroglou, V., Clobert, M., Cohen, A. B., Johnson, K. A., Ladd, K. L., Van Pachterbeke, M., Adamovova, L., Blogowska, J., Brandt, P.-Y., Çukur, C. S., Hwang, K.-K., Miglietta, A., Motti-Stefanidi, F., Munoz-García, A., ˜ Murken, S., Roussiau, N., & Tapia Valladares, J. (2020). Believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging: The cognitive, emotional, moral, and social dimensions of religiousness across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 51(7–8), 551–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0022022120946488

Van Tongeren, D. R., & DeWall, C. N. (2021). Disbelief, disengagement, discontinuance, and disaffiliation: An integrative framework for the study of religious deidentification. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000434

Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N., Chen, Z., Sibley, C. G., & Bulbulia, J. (2021). Religious residue: Cross-Cultural evidence that religious psychology and behavior persist following deidentification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(2), 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/ pspp0000288

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Stockholm Syndrome effect in psychology

"Captivity" 2023 Geoffrey Sutton & Bing AI.

Stockholm syndrome is a term used to describe an observation that hostages or abuse victims bond with their captors or abusers. This psychological connection develops over the course of the days, weeks, months, or even years of captivity or abuse. With this syndrome, hostages or abuse victims may come to sympathize with their captors or abusers.

The term "Stockholm Syndrome" was coined by psychiatrist Nils Bejerot after a bank robbery in Stockholm in 1973 (See history.com).

Namnyak and colleagues reviewed the literature and did not find "validated diagnostic criteria" (abstract, 2008).

Bachand & Djak (2018) expanded the concept of Stockholm Syndrome to describe the response of youth to abusive athletic coaches.

In the SCOPES model, the Stockholm Syndrome involves a complex relationship of cognition, emotion, physiology, behavior, and social context.

References

Bachand, C., & Djak, N. (2018). Stockholm Syndrome in Athletics: A Paradox. Children Australia, 43(3), 175-180. doi:10.1017/cha.2018.31

Namnyak, M., Tufton, N., Szekely, R., Toal, M., Worboys, S., & Sampson, E. L. (2008). 'Stockholm syndrome': psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x

Stockholm syndrome | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Stockholm-syndrome.

Sutton, G. W. (2023, June 8). An edited conversation with Bing.

A recommended resource for those interested in the hostage drama linked to the term, Stockholm Syndrome.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Sleeper effect in psychology

 

The sleeper effect is a psychological phenomenon that refers to a delayed increase in the effect of a persuasive message that is accompanied by a discounting cue. A discounting cue is a piece of information that suggests that the message is not to be taken seriously. For example, if a message is presented by a low-credibility source, or if it is accompanied by a counterargument, the message may be less persuasive initially. However, over time, people may forget the discounting cue and become more persuaded by the message.

The sleeper effect was first discovered by Carl Hovland and Walter Weiss in 1951. They conducted a study in which they presented participants with persuasive messages that were either accompanied by a discounting cue or not. They found that the messages that were accompanied by a discounting cue were less persuasive initially, but that this effect disappeared over time.

The sleeper effect has a number of implications for persuasion. It suggests that persuasive messages may be more effective if they are presented in a way that makes the discounting cue less salient. For example, if a message is presented by a low-credibility source, the source's credibility could be downplayed. Additionally, the sleeper effect suggests that persuasive messages may be more effective if they are repeated over time.

The sleeper effect has been used to describe continued growth following the completion of psychotherapy. Researchers have debated which therapies may be better than others regarding improvement  or growth following psychological interventions. See Podina et al. (2019) for an analysis of therapies and the sleeper effect for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

 

References

Foos, A., Keeling, K. & Keeling, D. I. (2016) Redressing the sleeper effect: evidence for the favorable persuasive impact of discounting information over time in a contemporary advertising context. Journal of Advertising Research, 45 (1). pp. 19-25. ISSN 0021- 8499

Kleinnijenhuis, J. (2020). Sleeper Effect. In The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, J. Bulck (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0147

Podina, I. R., Vîslă, A., Fodor, L. A., & Flückiger, C. (2019). Is there a sleeper effect of exposure-based vs. cognitive-only intervention for anxiety disorders? A longitudinal multilevel meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 73, 101774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101774

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Purkinge effect in psychology

 The Purkinje effect is a biopsychological phenomenon characterized by a change in colour perception from daylight to dim lighted settings. In low light conditions, humans perceive more blues and greens than other colors.

The effect is also called the Purkinje Shift and Dark Adaptation.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Pseudocertainty effect in psychology

The pseudocertainty effect refers to a false conclusion of certainty based on decisions in a later stage of a multistage decision-making process when the outcome is uncertain. The problem occurs when people ignore an outcome at an earlier stage.

The effect is attributed to Nobel Prize winning psychological scientist, Daniel Kahneman who worked with Amos Tversky on decision-making.

Kahneman is the author of the highly acclaimed book, Thinking, Fast and Slow.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Anger Superiority Effect in Psychology

 

The anger superiority effect is a psychological phenomenon in which threatening faces are more easily detected in a crowd than are nonthreatening faces.

In a visual search tasks, Fox and others (2010) found people detected angry faces more quickly than happy faces.

Gong and Smart (2020) suggested that other faces in a crowd might influence the effect.

Reference

1. Elaine Fox, Victoria Lester, Riccardo Russo, R.J. Bowles, Alessio Pichler & Kevin Dutton (2000) Facial Expressions of Emotion: Are Angry Faces Detected More Efficiently?, Cognition and Emotion, 14:1, 61-92, DOI: 10.1080/026999300378996
2. Mingliang Gong & L. James Smart (2021) The anger superiority effect revisited: a visual crowding task, Cognition and Emotion, 35:2, 214-224, DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1818552

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

 

 

Image- NPS exhibit of desegregation: photo of Elizabeth Ann Eckford on her way to enter Little Rock High School in 1957. An angry face in the crowd led to stories about the event.