Naïve Realism in psychology

Happy Worldview 2023

Naïve realism is a cognitive bias characterized by believing a person's view of the world is an objective reality and that those who disagree are uninformed, irrational, or biased. 

Other names for the concept:

  direct realism

  common sense realism

  perceptual realism

Reference

Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1996). Naïve realism in everyday life: Implications for social conflict and misunderstanding. In E. S. Reed, E. Turiel, & T. Brown (Eds.), Values and knowledge (pp. 103–135). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

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Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Outgroup homogeneity effect in psychology

 

Ingroup-Outgroup 2023
Geoffrey W Sutton & Bing AI

The outgroup homogeneity effect is a cognitive bias based on the finding that people in a group view outsiders as all alike in one or more characteristics.

Examples

Members of a political party view other party members as individuals with various characteristics but view people outside the party as having the same opinions, social values, or some other characteristic.

Members of a congregation view other members as being diverse in contrast to those outside whom the members see as all alike.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Pluralistic ignorance effect in psychology

What are they thinking? 2023
Geoffrey W. Sutton & Bing AI

The pluralistic ignorance effect is a psychological phenomenon characterized by almost all people in a group privately disagree with what seems to be the view of the group. Each person, or most people, in the group holds a mistaken belief that everyone else has a different belief or opinion.

The individuals in the group are ignorant of the true beliefs or opinions of the others. They have reached a false conclusion.

In cases of injustice or wrongdoing, the consequences can be harmful if people do not challenge dangerous ideas.

Here is a quote from a paper by Dale Miller (2023).



Pluralistic ignorance is a situation where the plurality (group) is ignorant of (misperceives) itself-its beliefs, perceptions, and practices. The group experiencing pluralistic ignorance is not actually ignorant in the sense of lacking knowledge of where it stands but is rather mistaken as to where it stands (O'Gorman, 1986). A more descriptive, if less catchy, term might be collective misperception (Grant, O'Neil, and Stephens, 2009; Miller & Prentice, 1994). Despite being a common citation for pluralistic ignorance, Allport's 1924 Social Psychology did not mention the term; that awaited his 1931 book with his student, Daniel Katz (Katz and Allport, 1931). What Allport did discuss in his earlier tome was the "illusion of universality of opinions." He traced this "illusion", which he later renamed pluralistic ignorance, to two facts: 1) social life depends on individuals having knowledge of their peers' habitual feelings and practices, and 2) individuals must infer this knowledge from limited and thus potentially misleading information.

Read more in Miller's article.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Pratfall effect in psychology

Going to Work 2023

The pratfall effect is a finding that a person's likeability can change after they make a mistake. The effect depends on the perceived level of competence of the person making a mistake.

The pratfall effect is attributed to  psychological scientists, Elliot Aronson and his team (1966).

A quote from the abstract:

"An experiment was performed which demonstrated that the attractiveness of a superior person is enhanced if he commits a clumsy blunder; the same blunder tends to decrease the attractiveness of a mediocre person. "

If the effect is reliable, it suggests people may relate better to highly competent people who make a minor mistake. It's not likely to help people who have not established their credibility.

Reference

Aronson, E., Willerman, B., & Floyd, J. (1966). The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness. Psychonomic Science, 4(6), 227–228. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03342263

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Kewpie doll effect in psychology

 

In psychology, the Kewpie doll effect refers to the effect of a child's physical appearance on caring behavior. The appearance of a long forehead and rounded face elicits caregiving.

The term Kewpie comes from the word cupid. Kewpie dolls were popular between 1910 and 1940. And cupids were characters in the American magazine, Ladies' Home Journal.

No responses were found when entering the term Kewpie in PsycINFO on 7 Oct 2023.

Related

Alley, T. R. (1981). Head shape and the perception of cuteness. Developmental Psychology, 17(5), 650–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.17.5.650

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Hostile media effect in psychology

 

The hostile media effect refers to a strong cognitive bias of perceiving media coverage of a story as favoring an opposing view and presenting a negative view of the perceiver's view.

Other names for the phenomenon include hostile media phenomenon and hostile media perception.

Read more in the article by Vallone et al. (1985)



Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Social loafing effect in psychology

Looking at Work 2023
Geoffrey W Sutton & Bing AI

The social loafing effect is a psychological concept based on the finding that a person expends less effort on a group task than when they work on a project alone.

The history of the social loafing effect attributed to Bibb Latané, dates to the work of max Ringelmann.

A quote from a meta-analytic review follows.

Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. A meta-analysis of 78 studies demonstrates that social loafing is robust and generalizes across tasks and S populations. A large number of variables were found to moderate social loafing. (Karau & Williams, 1993)

Reference

Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681–706. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.681

Ringelmann effect in psychology

The Ringelmann effect in psychology is a finding that people in a group are less productive when the size of the group increases.

The effect is named for French agricultural engineer, Maximilien Ringelmann. 

Read more

Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J., & Peckham, V. (1974). The Ringelmann effect: Studies of group size and group performance. Journal of experimental social psychology, 10 (4), 371-384.

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Golem effect in psychology

The Golem effect is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy evidenced by poor performance linked to low expectations.

The effect refers to underperformance by students or workers when their teachers or supervisors have low expectations of them.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

False uniqueness effect in psychology

Standing Alone 2023
Geoffrey W Sutton & Bing AI

The false uniqueness effect is a cognitive bias evident when people express beliefs that they are unique compared to others. The uniqueness may be views that they have rare talents or abilities.

Cite this post

Sutton, G. W. (2023, September 24). False uniqueness effect in psychology. Psychology Concepts and Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2023/09/false-uniqueness-effect-in-psychology.html

A research reference

Perloff, L. S., & Brickman, P. (1982). False consensus and false uniqueness: Biases in perceptions of similarity. Academic Psychology Bulletin, 4(3), 475–494.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Florence Nightingale Effect in psychology

The Florence Nightingale Effect refers to findings that some caregivers experience attraction to their patients.

Cite this post

Sutton, G. W. (2023, September 24). Florence nightingale effect in psychology. Psychology Concepts and Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2023/09/florence-nightingale-effect-in.html

A reference for the Florence Nightingale Effect in the workplace

Ferris, L. J., Jetten, J., Johnstone, M., Girdham, E., Parsell, C., & Walter, Z. C. (2016). The Florence Nightingale effect: Organizational identification explains the peculiar link between others’ suffering and workplace functioning in the homelessness sector. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 16. 

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

lithophilia- psychology

Lithophilia in psychology refers to a person's love of building durable projects such as monuments, memorials, and buildings made of stone.

Example: The college president was known for his love of building projects.

Hypothesis: Lithophilia is positively correlated with narcissism.

Cite this post

Sutton, G W. (2023, September 24). Lithophilia. Psychology Concepts and Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2023/09/lithophilia-psychology.html

Rosenthal Effect in psychology

The Rosenthal Effect is the effect of expectations on the performance of others, which becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy when the people int
ernalize the expectations placed upon them.

This is also known as the Pygmalion Effect.

See the discussion in  Self-Fulfilling Prophecy  for more information and references.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Pygmalion effect in psychology

The Pygmalion Effect is the effect of expectations on the performance of others, which becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy when the people internalize the expectations placed upon them.

This is also known as the Rosenthal effect.

See the discussion in  Self-Fulfilling Prophecy  for more information and references.

Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    

You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.

Conservation of Resources Theory

Human Resources 2023
Geoffrey W. Sutton & Bing AI

Here's a summary of Conservation of Resources Theory from Sung Doo Kim and colleagues in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.

According to the theory, individuals seek to obtain, retain, protect, and foster valued resources and minimize any threats of resource loss. Those valued resources can be classified as objects (e.g., money), conditions (e.g., supportive work environment), energy-related (e.g., knowledge), and personal (e.g., self-efficacy). Threats to resource loss occur when individuals are exposed to challenging work and life demands for an extended period of time with no opportunity to gain new resources, which can result in resource depletion and burnout (Hobfoll & Shirom, 1993; Wright & Cropanzano, 1998).

(Kim et al., 2015)

References

Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 116 –122. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x

Kim, S. D., Hollensbe, E. C., Schwoerer, C. E., & Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2015). Dynamics of a wellness program: A conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037675

Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486 – 493. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486