Alternate forms
reliability. A procedure for obtaining
evidence of the reliability of test scores by calculating a reliability
coefficient from scores produced by two or more forms of the same test. This is
also known as Equivalent Forms Reliability. When there are two forms, the term
Parallel Forms is sometimes used.
Anchors are the words at each end of a rating scale that indicate the meaning of the extreme values such as strongly disagree and strongly agree.
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Alpha has more than one meaning in psychology.
In research methods, alpha is the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis. Alpha is often set at .05 in psychological studies.
Alpha is also short for Cronbach's alpha, which is also called Coefficient alpha, which is a value that describes the degree of internal consistency among the items in a test or questionnaire. Some authors use the Greek letter for alpha (a).
Survey mode effects refers to different survey results based on the mode or way the survey was administered. For example, people tend to be more candid when responding to a self-administered survey than when speaking with an interviewer because in face-to-face interactions, a social desirability bias influences participants to present themselves in a favorable light during social interactions.
People tend to present themselves in a positive light when they are in a research study. This is especially true during face-to-face and telephone interviews on subjects like religion and socially desirable activities like voting.
They also admit to less participation in socially undesirable activities like substance abuse or holding racist and sexist opinions.
When people answer surveys based on desirable rather than actual behavior, a social desirability bias exists.
Pew Research finds that self-administered surveys likely reduce social desirability bias compared to surveys based on interviews.
The contrast effect occurs when a response to an event is either markedly enhanced or diminished from a typical response because a recent or concurrent event produces greater salience.
Our brains notice marked differences. On a simple level, a light can seem much brighter that usual when we have been in dark room for a while. Sounds can seem barely audible when we have been exposed to loud music. We may feel highly confident when we perform much better on exams compared to most people in a class.
People who have lived through very hard times seem less bothered by economic difficulties, health issues, or other concerns than those who have only known fairly good times.
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The bystander effect is the influence of people on others to do nothing to help people who are being assaulted or in distress. The more people present, the greater the tendency to do nothing. In contrast, when there are no or only a few people present, there is a stronger likelihood that the victim will get help.
The psychological scientists often cited for their study of the bystander effect are Bibb Latané and John Darley.
Reference
Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4, Pt.1), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025589
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Virtue signaling is a 2015 term meaning that people are advertising themselves as kind, decent, and virtuous. Virtue signaling is a term used to shame others for their moral grandstanding.
Moral
grandstanding combines the concept of a moral proclamation with the concept of
a prominent display (see Tosi &
Warmke, 2016). Making moral pronouncements is risky because human beings
have different views on morality and rarely live lives that match the call to a
moral stance.
Grandstanding
of any type is also risky because people may look closely at what the speaker
is saying or doing and find fault if the pronouncements from the public grandstand
seem hollow, false, or a thinly disguised attempt to win votes or profit from a
newly discovered cause—often presented as a moral cause.
Psychological
scientists find that people are harsher in their moral judgments when they
perceive a selfish motivation compared to people who do not make a moral
judgment (Zaki
& Cikara, 2020).
Zaki and
Cikara suggest that virtue signaling may work under certain conditions. If you
follow politics or religion, you have likely seen many people saying or doing
things that their leaders say or do. Loud and prominent voices are signals.
People often do not know what other’s think. Most people are influenced by frequent
and persistent opinions. Opinions and information are powerful forces for
social change. Opinions can create social norms, which people adopt without a
great deal of thought.
Virtue
signaling that leads to conformity may be judged in terms of effectiveness. The
actions that are signaled are those subject to be examined for their moral
worth.
Cite this post
Sutton, G. W. (2021, January 14). Virtue signaling & moral grandstanding. SuttonPsychology. https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2021/01/virtue-signaling-moral-grandstanding.html
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Flow is a positive psychology concept described by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi as a pleasant mental state experienced when performing intense but enjoyable activities requiring full deployment of a person's skills or abilities. Flow is a peak experience involving high levels of concentration during which a person loses an awareness of things around them as well as self-consciousness.
See Csikszentmihalyi's book titled Flow for more details (Link to UK Book).
Several measures have been developed to assess flow. Lonczak summarised these at this link: https://positivepsychology.com/how-to-measure-flow-scales-questionnaires/
Csikszentmihalyi has a TED talk on Flow. It is not exciting but he does present the concept and provides stories to illustrate people in a state of flow.
In his talk, Csikszentmihalyi illustrates flow with a diagram. The picture at the top of this post is a rendition of that illustration.
Cite this post
Sutton, G.W. (2021, January 13). Flow. Psychology Concepts and
Theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2021/01/psychology-of-flow.html
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Gaslighting is the act of influencing another person to doubt their experiences, perceptions, or understanding of events.
In the past, the term referred to extreme manipulation that led to severe mental illness but the term has become a part of popular culture and can refer to less severe but still harmful examples of manipulation.
Inducing doubt can be subtle at first but if the challenges to reality persist, then the target of gaslighting can begin to question many of the things they thought were true about themselves and the world.
When gaslighting is a pattern of manipulation that impairs other people's lives, then it may be associated with antisocial personality disorder. An older term for people with antisocial personality disorder is psychopath. Gaslighting is a form of emotional abuse, which can be severe.
Gaslighting can occur in relationships.
An abusive parent can gaslight a child.
An abusive adult can gaslight an elderly parent.
An abusive spouse can gaslight their spouse.
An abusive boss can gaslight employees.
An abusive politician can use their position to gaslight the people they govern.
Recognizing people who gaslight.
People skilled in gaslighting or manipulating others may be recognized by those "Dark Triad" traits of Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. See the Dark Triad Scale.
The term "gaslighting" is derived from the title of a 1938 British play called Gaslight by playwright, Patrick Hamilton (see Guardian).
Cite this page
Sutton, G. W. (2021, January 3). Gaslighting. SuttonPsychology. https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2021/01/gaslighting.html?
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