Burnout

 

Burnout is a condition marked by a decrease in performance and motivation and an increase in negative comments about oneself or others.

Burnout can be experienced in one or more areas of functioning. See the SCOPES model

S  Self- loss of interest in previously important personal development or self-enhancing activities; lowered interest in vital spiritual or religious activities

C  Cognition- thinking, problem-solving

O  Observable behavior- sluggishness, apathy

P  Physical-tired,

E  Emotional-feeling angry, loss of happiness and enthusiasm

S  Social- not wanting to interact with others, feeling negative toward others

Burnout is common in occupations or activities involving high levels of work with people—especially aggressive people, people who require high levels of attention, or people dealing with acute trauma

Burnout also occurs in activities requiring continuous high levels of performance.

The term burnout (burn-out) is attributed to psychologist Herbert J. Freudenberger (1974).

Job stress can lead to burnout and may be inversely related to job satisfaction in teachers regardless of working in regular or special education settings (Sutton & Huberty, 1984).

A review of research indicated burnout was linked to multiple effects including physical or health effects, psychological effects including depression, and changes in behavior such as absenteeism (Salvagioni et al., 2017).

How to Measure burnout

   The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory

References

Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30,159-165.

Salvagioni, D., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., González, A. D., Gabani, F. L., & Andrade, S. M. (2017). Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PloS one, 12(10), e0185781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185781

 

Sutton, G.W., & Huberty, T.J. (1984). An evaluation of teacher stress and job satisfaction. Education, 105, 189‑192. Academia Link  Research Gate Link

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Gaslighting

"You think I'm insane" scene in "Gaslight"

Gaslighting is the act of influencing another person to doubt their experiences, perceptions, or understanding of events. 

In the past, the term referred to extreme manipulation that led to severe mental illness but the term has become a part of popular culture and can refer to less severe but still harmful examples of manipulation.

Inducing doubt can be subtle at first but if the challenges to reality persist, then the target of gaslighting can begin to question many of the things they thought were true about themselves and the world.

When gaslighting is a pattern of manipulation that impairs other people's lives, then it may be associated with antisocial personality disorder. An older term for people with antisocial personality disorder is psychopath. Gaslighting is a form of emotional abuse, which can be severe.

Gaslighting can occur in relationships. 

An abusive parent can gaslight a child.

An abusive adult can gaslight an elderly parent.

An abusive spouse can gaslight their spouse.

An abusive boss can gaslight employees.

An abusive politician can use their position to gaslight the people they govern.

Recognizing people who gaslight.

People skilled in gaslighting or manipulating others may be recognized by those "Dark Triad" traits of Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. See the Dark Triad Scale.

The term "gaslighting" is derived from the title of a 1938 British play called Gaslight by playwright, Patrick Hamilton (see Guardian).

Cite this page

Sutton, G. W. (2021, January 3). Gaslighting.  SuttonPsychology.  https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2021/01/gaslighting.html? 

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Psychache Psychology of psychological pain and anguish

"Psychache refers to the hurt, anguish, soreness, aching, psychological pain in the psyche, the mind." This definition appeared in the first paragraph of a 1993 article by Edwin S. Shneidman. The term continues to appear in the psychological literature.

Shneidman used the term in relation to suicide in the same paragraph as the definition: "Suicide is caused by psychache." (italics in the original)

Clinicians and scientists can "miss the mark" if they ignore this internal distress when trying to explain suicide by such variables as age, sex, and socioeconomic level.

Schneidman, E. S. (1993). Commentary: Suicide as psychache. The Journal of Mental Disease, 181, (3), 145-147. 

Link: https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1993/03000/Commentary__Suicide_as_Psychache.1.aspx

National Suicide Prevention Lifeline

1-800-273-8255

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