Monday, September 28, 2020

Big Five Personality Traits

The Big Five personality traits represent an empirical analysis of descriptions people use to describe behavior patterns.


Scientific studies by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (1998) established a basis for the five factors known by the acronym OCEAN, which I describe below along with some references.

This is taken with permission from a counseling book (Sutton, 2020).

 O- Openness to experience includes curiosity, imagination, and creativity. People high in this trait appreciate complexity and originality and enjoy new experiences. People low in openness present a closed approach to new experiences and prefer routines and less abstract artistic works or forms of entertainment. People high in openness support universal values such as equality and justice for all (Douglas et al., 2016). Openness is a relatively stable personality trait positively correlated with creativity and originality and inversely related to political conservatism (Soldz & Vaillant, 1999).

 

C- Conscientiousness describes behavior patterns of self-control and acting in socially acceptable ways. People high in conscientiousness are dependable, work within rules, plan and organize effectively, and have a strong degree of gratification. In a positive sense, conscientious people are persistent, ambitious, thorough, self-disciplined, consistent, predictable, and reliable. People high in conscientiousness appear to do well in school and their careers. They excel as leaders and ardently pursue goals (Roccas et al., 2002). Low conscientiousness is linked to depression (Klein et al., 2011) and high conscientiousness predicts low substance abuse (Turiano et al., 2012).

 

E- Extroversion  (aka extraversion) is often considered along with introversion. In a sense, the dimension identifies where a person finds their energy. Extroverts thrive in the presence of others while introverts need to withdraw from people to restore their souls in solitude. People high in extroversion are often described as sociable, assertive, outgoing, energetic, talkative, fun-loving, friendly, and self-confident. Positive descriptions of people with introversion scores are quiet, reserved, thoughtful, and introspective. High extroversion has been linked to high income and political conservatism (Soldz & Vaillant, 1999). Extroversion is a reliable predictor of wellbeing and overconfidence (Schaefer et al., 2004). There is a positive link between extroversion and forgiveness (Hodge et al., 2020).

 

A- Agreeableness refers to patterns of interactions with others and contrasts with disagreeableness. People might describe those high in agreeableness as altruistic, trusting, modest, humble, patient, tactful, polite, kind, loyal, helpful, sensitive, amiable, cheerful, and considerate. Highly agreeable people are highly respected and well-liked. They quickly show sympathy to strangers. The unfriendly end of the trait is represented by words such as abrasive, rude, callous, antagonistic, cruel, and sarcastic. People high in agreeableness tend to be high in gratitude and forgiveness as well (Hodge et al., 2020).

 

N- Neuroticism refers to emotional stability. Sensitive clinicians reframe this term as Emotional Stability. Essentially, the trait describes personal adjustment by considering self-confidence, self-esteem, anxiety, sadness, and anger. People high on neuroticism may be described as moody, pessimistic, timid, wary, insecure, unstable, testy, fearful, and awkward. Those low on neuroticism may be considered stable, and confident. People who score high on neuroticism likely have more difficulty than low scorers with both self-forgiveness and forgiveness of others (Hodge et al., 2020).


Link to Big Five Scales


Big Five References

 Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1998). Trait theories of personality. In D. F. Barone, M. Hersen, & V. B. Van Hasselt (Eds.), The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology: Advanced personality (p. 103–121). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8580-4_5

Douglas, H. E., Bore, M., & Munro, D. (2016). Openness and intellect: An analysis of the motivational constructs underlying two aspects of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 242-253. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.030

Hodge, A.S., Captari, L.E., Mosher, D.K., Kodali, N., Hook, J.N., Davis, D.E., & Van Tongeren, D.R. (2020). Personality and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. In E.L. Worthington, Jr. & N.G. Wade (Eds.), Handbook of forgiveness, Second Ed. (pp. 97-106). New York: Routledge.

Klein, D. N., Kotov, R., & Bufferd, S. J. (2011). Personality and depression: explanatory models and review of the evidence. Annual review of clinical psychology, 7, 269–295. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104540

Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S. H., & Knafo, A. (2002). The Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202289008

 

Schaefer, P. S., Williams, C. C., Goodie, A. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2004). Overconfidence and the Big Five. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 373480

Soldz, S., & Vaillant, G. E. (1999). The Big Five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(2), 208–232. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2243

Sutton, G. W. (2020). Counseling and psychotherapy with Pentecostal and Charismatic Christians: Culture & Research | Assessment & Practice. Springfield, MO: Sunflower.  ISBN-13 : 979-8681036524 AMAZON

Turiano, N. A., Whiteman, S.D., Hampson, S.E., Roberts, & B. W. Mroczek, D.K. (2012). Personality and substance use in midlife: Conscientiousness as a moderator and the effects of trait change. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, (3), 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.009

 

 Links to Connections

My Page    www.suttong.com

  

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Christian Counseling Pentecostal Counseling Definitions

There are many definitions of Christian counseling. In this post, I offer a basic definition and refer you to a book chapter for more details.

I begin with a basic definition of counseling then add variations on a theme. I hope this helps as a place to start.

Counseling is a collaborative process involving at least one counselor and one client who work together on a plan to reach a client’s goals within the context of the client’s worldview and culture.

Christian counseling is a collaborative process involving at least one counselor and one client who include God’s presence through prayer and scripture as they work together on a plan to reach a client’s goals within the context of the client’s Christian worldview and culture.

Pentecostal or Charismatic Christian counseling is a collaborative process involving at least one counselor and one client who depend on the Holy Spirit to guide them through prayer, scripture, spiritual gifts, and spiritual experiences as they work together on a plan to reach a client’s goals within the context of the client’s Pentecostal worldview and Pentecostal culture.

These are taken from Sutton (2020, pp 179-180).


Reference

Sutton, G. W. (2020). Counseling and psychotherapy with Pentecostal and Charismatic Christians: Culture & Research | Assessment & Practice. Springfield, MO: Sunflower.  ISBN-13 : 979-8681036524 AMAZON

Links to Connections

My Page    www.suttong.com

  

My Books  AMAZON          and             GOOGLE STORE

 

FOLLOW   FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton

 

PINTEREST  www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

 

Articles: Academia   Geoff W Sutton   ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton