Showing posts with label Clinical Psychology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Clinical Psychology. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 15, 2024

Types of Hallucinations

 

Imaginary Garden 2024 by G. Sutton & Designer

Hallucinations are false perceptions of sensory experiences. They can involve various senses. The following are different types of hallucinations.

 

Auditory (sound) hallucinations: These are the most common type. People hear sounds that aren't real, such as music, footsteps, or voices—even when no one has spoken. The person may consider the voices as positive, negative, or neutral.

Visual (sight) hallucinations: These involve seeing things that aren't real, like objects, shapes, people, animals, or lights.

Tactile (touch) hallucinations: These cause sensations of touch or movement in the body that aren't real. For example, feeling bugs crawling on the skin or internal organs moving.

Olfactory (smell) hallucinations: Experiencing smells that don't exist or that no one else can smell.

 

Gustatory (taste) hallucinations: These cause strange or unpleasant tastes. They're relatively common in people with epilepsy and may have a metallic taste.

Presence hallucinations: A person feels that someone is in the room with you or standing behind you.

Proprioceptive hallucinations: You perceive your body as moving (e.g., flying or floating) when it's not.

 

hypnopompic hallucinations: these which occur when a person as you wakes up from sleep and are usually considered normal.

Treatment for hallucinations

The treatment of hallucinations will vary with the type of hallucination and the underlying cause. Hallucinations can be temporary experiences. Many people with Schizophrenia experience auditory or visual hallucinations. Some hallucinations are associated with drugs and medications.

People desiring treatment should consult their health care providers who may provide a referral to a psychologist or psychiatrist for evaluation.

Turning hallucinations into literature and art

From a conversation with Microsoft Copilot, I found these examples.

Yayoi Kusama: The Japanese painter Yayoi Kusama’s art is influenced by the hallucinations she experiences. Her work features polka dots and incorporates imagery from her own visions. Kusama’s “Infinity Rooms” are small mirror chambers that evoke the universe, allowing viewers to lose their sense of identity in the repetition of images.

Jean-Paul Sartre: The French existential philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Sartre experimented with mescaline, leading to a “bad trip.” During this experience, he encountered bizarre crustaceans and saw ordinary objects transform into animals. His hallucinatory adventure left a lasting impact on his work.

 

Vincent van Gogh: Van Gogh’s mental illness, including bipolar disorder and hallucinations, influenced his art. His painting “Corridor in the Asylum” reflects his struggles during his time in a psychiatric institution.

  

William Blake: Blake’s visionary experiences and hallucinations inspired his mystical and symbolic art. His work often blurs the line between reality and imagination, as seen in pieces like "The Man Who Taught Blake Painting in his Dreams".


Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   X  @Geoff.W.Sutton    


You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation. 



 


Tuesday, April 16, 2024

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

 


Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Recent thinking about NPD considers this personality pattern having three primary dimensions (see DSM-5 reference below):

1. grandiosity

2. need for admiration

3. lack of empathy for others

From a diagnostic perspective, these features should be pervasive rather than episodic and NPD is not usually diagnosed until adulthood. In addition, to warrant the diagnosis of a disorder, there needs to be evidence that the pattern produces significant personal distress or produces a significant impairment in how the person functions in important areas of life such as relationships or work.

 Narcissistic Personality Disorder should not be confused with the common language use of the term narcissism or narcissist.

Clinicians look for evidence of at least five features from a list of common features. The person with an SPD pattern may be described as:

1. Grandiose with a strong sense of self-importance

2. Preoccupied with fantasies of great success, power, exceptional intelligence, attractiveness

3. Believe they are very special and even unique. They are so special that they should only connect with important people who are able to understand them.

4. Requires excessive praise, approval, and admiration

5. Entitled with an unreasonable expectation of being treated with great respect

6. Exploits others, skilled in taking advantage of other people

7. Lacking empathy emotional empathy but may display cognitive empathy

8. Appears envious, jealous, distrustful or concerned that others feel that way toward them

9. Arrogant, haughty, scornful

Assessment

Psychologists rely on a diagnostic interview, which includes a clinical history, and may administer psychological tests. In some settings, a leader with NPD can spell disaster for an organization.

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The following abbreviated summary comes from NIH, which should be consulted for details and updated information (Mitra & Fluyua, 2023)

What causes NPD?

Researchers have focused on a few possibilities. They find common traits of aggression, low tolerance for distress and problems regulating their emotions. Others have identified rejection in childhood and excessive praise and communicating that the child has extraordinary talents.

How common is NPD?

In the US, NPD ranges from .5 to 5% of the population but in a clinical setting rates may be as high as 15%.

What other conditions occur with NPD?

The most common condition contributing to difficulties is the cooccurrence of antisocial personality disorder.

Are there subtypes?

Researchers have considered two subtypes of NPD:

1. Grandiose- overt grandiosity, aggression, boldness

2. Vulnerable- hypersensitivity, defensiveness

Biopsychology

There is some evidence for brain differences in German studies.

Measurement

See Narcissistic Personality Inventory

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Information from the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2024)

The US rate of NPD was estimated as 1-2% of the population.

Considering the two subtypes noted above, see this quote from the APA.

In addition to grandiosity, narcissistic personality disorder has a significant vulnerability aspect, and individuals may alternate between the two (Edershile 2022). Vulnerability may make individuals very sensitive to criticism or defeat and although they may not show it, those experiences may leave them feeling ashamed, degraded and empty. People with the disorder may react to criticism or defeat with disdain and defiance, or with social withdrawal or an appearance of humility, which masks the grandiosity (APA 2022). Although they seem like quite different traits, researchers have found that both aspects of narcissism have in common selfishness, deceitfulness and callousness (Kwon 2023).

See the APA link for more details.

 

Other comments

1. People with a personality disorder may have traits of other disorders including sufficient traits to meet the criteria for more than one condition.

2. People with a personality disorder may have other conditions such as a mood disorder.

3. Treatment is difficult and may be complicated by other more salient conditions like depression or substance abuse. See the links to NIH and the APA for more about treatment.

4. Research can change our understanding of NPD so, the 3 key features and the list of 9 features may change in the future. The DSM is updated periodically to reflect the latest research.

5. People may have narcissistic traits without meeting the criteria for a disorder. Personality traits are durable and pervasive patterns of behavior. Some personality traits can interfere with work and family relationships. So, not everyone who has a grandiose view of themselves meets criteria for NPD, but they may still have difficulties in various situations.

6. Narcissistic characteristics such as having a sense of entitlement, low empathy, desiring admiration, and appearing self-centered are a matter of degree. They may cause some difficulties but do not reach the point of severe impairment for the person or others. Sometimes these narcissistic characteristics may appear in a situation but not be present on a long-term basis.

 

Related Posts

Psychology’s Toxic Triad – Narcissism, Psychopathy, Machiavellianism

Dark Triad Scale

Narcissistic Personality Inventory

 

 

 

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Personality disorders. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.

Cite this post

Sutton, G. W. (2024, April 16). Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). PSYCHOLOGY concepts and theories. Retrieved from https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2024/04/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npd.html


Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   X  @Geoff.W.Sutton    


You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation. 





Sunday, April 2, 2023

Martha Mitchell effect in psychology



 The Martha Mitchell effect is a mistaken interpretation that a person's belief is a delusion. 

The effect was mentioned by English-American psychologist Brendan Arnold Maher in the book,  Delusional Beliefs (1988). Maher was a Harvard University psychology professor.

The name of the effect refers to Martha Beall Mitchell who accused the US administration of using her husband, US Attorney General John Mitchell, as a scapegoat to protect President Nixon during the time of the Watergate scandal. Her belief was justified despite being regarded as delusional.

Although Martha Mitchell received mental health treatment, the use of a mental health diagnosis to discredit her perspective on events should serve as a warning to mental health professionals, journalists, and anyone learning about a diagnosis used to slander or discredit someone's opinion. The actions

Image credit- Bing search "Free to share and Use"

Related posts

Delusion

Gaslighting


Reference

Oltmanns, T. F., & Maher, B. A. (Eds.). (1988). Delusional beliefs. John Wiley & Sons.

Related information

Documentary

The Martha Mitchell Effect is also a documentary available on Netflix. The actions against Martha Mitchell are an example of gaslighting.




The psychologist behind the effect.

Brendan Maher was a highly respected psychologist born in Lancashire, England 31 October 1924. He served with the Royal Navy in Word War II. He wrote about his D-Day experience in addition to many scholarly works. He died 17 March 2009.

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Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    


You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.







Saturday, April 1, 2023

Lazarus effect / phenomenon



The Lazarus Effect or Lazarus Phenomenon is a person's return to life after they were declared dead.

According to the Smithsonian, perhaps one third of those who return to life make a complete recovery.

The effect is named for Lazarus of Bethany brought back to life in response to a command from his friend Jesus (John 11).

Researchers have found published reports of the phenomenon, which is also called spontaneous resuscitation. Physician surveys have documented the Lazarus Effect at a fairly high level of frequency but others are sceptical.

From the perspective of clinical psychology, it is easy to see why people were so afraid of being buried alive in the past and arranged for "safety coffins" that allowed for air intake and ways to notify people if they were trapped inside such as bells and flags. The fear is called taphophobia.

From the perspective of moral psychology, emotional responses can influence decisions about how long people wait until allowing a perceived dead person to be maintained on life support. Another consideration is the time frame for removing donated organs.


References


Adhiyaman, V., Adhiyaman, S., & Sundaram, R. (2007). The Lazarus phenomenon. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 100(12), 552–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076807100012013

Braun P., Herff H., Paal P. (2011). The Lazarus phenomenon-false positive death certifications and auto-resuscitation cases covered in lay press. Resuscitation, 82, 1363-1364

Bray, J.G. (1993). The Lazarus Phenomenon Revisited. Anesthesiology 78:, 991 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199305000-00030

Gerard, D., Vaux, J. Boche, T., Chollet-Xemard, C., & Marty, J. (2013). Lazarus phenomenon: Knowledge, attitude and practice, Resuscitation84,12, 153, ISSN 0300-9572, 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.07.030.

Hornby, K., Hornby, L., & Shemie, S. D. (2010). A systematic review of autoresuscitation after cardiac arrest. Critical care medicine, 38(5), 1246–1253. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d8caaa

Image: The Resurrection of Lazarus by Duccio di Buoninsegna (1308 - 1311)


Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is  www.suttong.com

 

See Geoffrey Sutton’s books on   AMAZON       or  GOOGLE STORE

Follow on    FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton    

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton    


You can read many published articles at no charge:

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton     ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

Dr. Sutton’s posts are for educational purposes only. See a licensed mental health provider for diagnoses, treatment, and consultation.